Below is a detailed introduction to GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) and EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Network), covering technical definitions, architecture, working principles, application scenarios, advantages and disadvantages.
What is GPON?
GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) is a telecommunications standard for passive optical networks (PON) defined by the ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector) under the G.984 series.
Features of GPON
2.488 Gbps
1.244 Gbps
Uses GEM (GPON Encapsulation Method)
High efficiency with dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA)
Supports up to 1:128 (commonly 1:64)
FTTH, FTTB, triple-play services
What is EPON?
EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Network), standardized by IEEE as 802.3ah, is a PON technology that uses Ethernet packets for data transmission.
Key Features of EPON
1.25 Gbps
1.25 Gbps
Uses Ethernet framing directly
Simpler due to native Ethernet format
Supports up to 1:64
Business broadband, campus networks
GPON vs EPON Comparison
ITU-T G.984
IEEE 802.3ah
2.488 Gbps
1.25 Gbps
1.244 Gbps
1.25 Gbps
GEM (proprietary encapsulation)
Ethernet
Higher due to better bandwidth management (DBA)
Lower, but simpler implementation
Higher
Lower
Application Scenarios
Both GPON and EPON are widely used in fiber access networks, but they serve slightly different needs:
High-bandwidth, secure networks for enterprise/government users, hospitals
Cost-sensitive residential areas suitable for mass FTTH deployments
Surveillance with frequent upstream traffic
Networks requiring Ethernet compatibility
If you're building a new FTTH network or upgrading your current infrastructure, your decision will depend on factors like service requirements, budget, vendor ecosystem, and future scalability.
